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Air Protection

Georgia in air transport, the energy sector, agricultural fields and industrial facilities from the polluted air emissions produced. The main dambindzurebelia Shipment urbanized environment and energy sectors. It should be noted that in recent years, increasing traffic and the energy consumed by a corresponding increase in the quantities of fuel in sectors of harmful substances emissions into the atmosphere.
The total emissions from various sectors of the economy in the first place carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons after (Aon-volatile organic substances) ΣCH, methane (CH4), and particulate matter (inorganic dust), nitrogen oxides and ammonia.

Atmospheric pollution is an important part of the energy sector, hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (Aon), carbon monoxide and solid particles (pollen). Atmospheric emissions from this sector is due to the quantitative change in the character of energy consumed here (coal, kerosene, fuel oil, natural and liquefied gas, etc.) quantitative changes in character. In particular, in the years 2000-2002 amounted to 11.3-12.7 thousand tons of coal consumption, liquid gas 47.9-54.1 thousand tons, kerosene - 54.5-61.5 thousand tons, fuel oil - 15-17 thousand. Tons, natural gas - 382-430.7 million m 3, firewood - 508182 m3 per year, diesel fuel - 118-203 thousand tons, while in 2005 and 2006 significantly increased coal and natural gas consumption (75.8 at.t and 1454.9 million m 3 - 2005 , 138.2 million m3 at.t and 1432 - 2006), the last two years in accordance with the significant increase in the consumption of coal and natural gas has led to an increase in atmospheric emissions.

The agricultural sector of atmospheric air polluted by the Livestock and poultry sectors. The fields are separated from hazardous substances in quantities calculated in accordance with the specific emission characteristic of the initial statistical data. It should be noted that compared to previous years in 2006 decreased number of cattle in the country (eg. In 2003 was 1242.5 thousand. The spirit, in 2004 - 1250.7 at.suli, 2005 - 1260.4 thousand. Soul, and in 2006 - 1163.6 thousand. Spirit), which led to the determination of the total amount of reduction in emissions from this sector atmospheric.

Industry sector is the largest number of vented dust, then - volatile organic substances (Aon-LEDs). Atmospheric emissions from this sector is due to the quantitative change in the character of the products produced here in the quantitative nature of the change. In 2000 compared to 2001, much more than was produced in quantities of ammonia (in 2000 - 136.2 at.t and in 2001 - 57.9 at.t) and at the same time over a number of oil (in 2000 - 109.5 at.t and in 2001 - 98.8 thousand .t), which resulted in 2001 from the previous year's and Aon entities CO- overall emissions reduction in the number.


In conclusion, it should be noted here that the atmospheric emissions characteristics in terms of environmental improvement in all four sectors of the economy requires a change of the relevant technologies and techniques used in modern technologies, and at the same time mtverdacherisa airgatsmendis wide introduction of efficient technologies.

Water protection

Water Management in Georgia, the laws "On Environmental Protection", "Water", "Public Health", "Sea, Reservoirs and River Banks Regulation and Engineering Protection", Ministry of Environmental Protection regulations, regulated.
The total annual flow of the rivers 65800 million. M 3, respectively, formed on the territory of the runoff - 56500 million. M3. Total in Georgia 26060 rivers, including 99.4% - small rivers (length of 25 kilometers an hour). The River Basin hydrologically 555 and 528 rivers in the Caspian Sea basin.
Natural supply of fresh ground water is about 18000 million. M3. The total forecasted exploitation supplies are about 10600 million. M3.

Water resources

Georgia is rich in water resources. 26060 River flows through the area, with a total length of 60 thousand kilometers. These rivers 99.4% of small-size (less than 25 km).
Water resources are unevenly distributed and are mainly in the western part of the country. Georgia's rivers belong to the two main basins of the mountain divides. Black Sea basin are about 18109 River, it is 70% of the total number of rivers, and the Caspian Sea basin are 7951 rivers (30%). The River Basin hydrologically 555 and 528 rivers in the Caspian Sea basin.
East of almost all the rivers that form the whole system and flows into the Caspian Sea, west of the rivers join the Black Sea independently. The biggest river Mtkvari, on the territory of only the middle part (400 km) begins in Turkey and flows into the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan. West Georgia is Rioni River and cascading rivers, the greatest. It is completely the territory of Georgia, a Caucasus mountains to the Kutaisi and Poti into the Black Sea.
Georgia has 860 lakes, most of them very small, so the water surface area of ​​170 square kilometers does not exceed (0.24% of the territory), most of them mtkanaria. Georgia, is the largest lake PARAVANI, volume Tabatskura, Ritsa (it the deepest lakes in the South Caucasus).
Georgia wetlands cover a large area (225 thousand hectares) Kolkheti Lowlands. West Georgia is bordered by the Black Sea and its coastal zone within the length of 315 km.
Hydroelectric stations and irrigation systems serving 43 reservoirs. 35 of them are located in eastern Georgia. Reservoirs play a prominent role in the economy. In Georgia, 75% of electricity is produced by hydro power plants over. The country's east, drier part of the irrigation is vital to agriculture.
Natural supply of fresh ground water is about 18000 million. M3. The total forecasted exploitation supplies are about 10600 million. M3.
Georgia is currently the administrative water resource management is based on the principle, which is less effective due to the nature of water and the reality that "water does not know borders." The model can not provide an effective way of consumption of water resources in the river basin of the water users' interests and at the same time taking into account the environmental objectives of the agreement.
Georgia's rivers are polluted with nitrogen, in some cases, heavy metals (Mashavera river, and surrounding districts; River Kvirila Chiatura-Zestafoni), and the Black Sea region of Adjara rivers - oil products.
Georgia's main sources of surface water pollution, water supply and sewerage system, heat power engineering and industry.
Sector contaminated wastewater discharges are distributed as follows:
Water supply and sewerage system - 344.1 million m3 / year. (67%);
Heat power engineering - 163.8 million m3 / year. (31%);
Industry - 9.6 million m3 / year. (2%)
Thus, the main pollutant of surface water is the utility sector (sewerage of towns and populated areas). Currently, none of the structures can provide water treatment wastewater treatment project quality. Biological water purification does not happen in any city. Manual cleaning is carried out only in the Tbilisi-Rustavi regional cleaning structure. As a result, significant pollution of surface water bodies.

Groundwater

Of the mineral riches of the important part of the underground waters (fresh, mineral and thermal), which are characterized by large resources, high-quality data, and, solid minerals, unlike the time of renewal. Fresh ground water is the most valuable resources and drinking, the higher the quality of the waters, the most secure source. It represents a human life is a primary requirement of the air, and it was, therefore, considered to be a unique fossil, which is one of the richest countries in terms of Georgia. Underground fresh water, natural resources, the bulk - 95% (571,7 m3 / s - 49.4 mln. M3 / dgh.gh.) Of potable water, which is widely but unevenly distributed in the whole territory of Georgia. Their total number of 63.4% - (362,5 m 3 / sec) falls sister. Georgia, 24.1% - (137,9 m 3 / s) East. Georgia, while 12.5% ​​- (71.3 m3 / s) - in the South. Georgia. An important part of this water is characterized by a very low salt content (200-300 milligrams per liter). These waters, except for drinking and bottling efficiency, their sikhikhti therefore, widely used in a variety of non-alcoholic, alcoholic drinks bottling. Underground fresh drinking water for about a third of the total resources of the detail is examined and approved by the Commission in their inventories 145.5 m3 / s amounts. Of which 48% (63,9 m3 / s) falls sister. Georgia, 45%, (60,3 m 3 / s) East. Georgia, and 6.7% (6.7 m3 / s) in the south. Georgia. All categories of approved reserves, per capita comes from drinking water to 2.2 m3 / dgh.gh. The amount of the high (industrial) by category - 0,88 m3 / dgh.gh. According to the allowable standards, the run (population 5 million to increase the case), the possibility of using natural resources are 2.5 times more distant perspective of demand, ie Excess resources is 150 m3 / s.
Drinking mineral springs and medicinal purposes - According to reports, a total of 160 of the mineral water outlets ten. Cubic meters more than the total daily capacity, more than 2 thousand. Nowadays, the area is geologically studied more than forty mineral ore. Identified and the Commission approved reserves of mineral water per day to 43.5 Industrial Supplies at.m3 total.
The largest part of proven reserves (25 at.m 3 / dgh.gh.) Coming from 17 deposits of medicinal waters, which are used for external use (medicinal baths) - eg. Women, pelvis and other.
The second group of mineral waters, which are approved for industrial stocks at.m 7 3 / dgh.gh. Totals, double consumption - used in place of drinking and industrial molding and curing purposes (Borjomi, Nabeghlavi), as well as medicinal baths (resorts).
The third group of mineral waters, which have proven reserves of more than 6 thousand cubic meters per day, is only used in industrial casting purposes (eg. Sairme, Mitarbi). This is mainly of carbon (Carbon dioxide), a different chemical composition and medicinal waters, the mineralization 1,5-11,0 g / l is within the limits. Industrial casting purposes mineral waters should be allocated to a group with low (1,0-2,5 g / l), the so-called Table waters. This type of water is very high demand on the market, the Commission approved their stockpiles of industrial supplies more than 3 at.m 3 / dgh.gh., Most of which are located in the highlands (Kazbegi, Utsera, Mestia). Thermal water is the Earth's deep heat amomtani surface. Geothermal heat, which is a rich source of renewable energy, particular attention should be the cheapest and environmentally friendly use of energy in the greenhouse.
Geothermal water consumption range is quite wide-ranging. It is used in industry, agriculture, housing and the balneology. The thermal waters of the area are unevenly distributed. Identified geothermal resources are concentrated at the largest part of the intermountain (Rioni and Kura depression), outcomes at the second place in Adjara-Trialeti, and the slope of the Caucasus Regional fixed thermal unit outcrops. Currently, the area of ​​water with a temperature of more than 250 recorded 30-1080c natural (sources) and artificial (wells) and a group of individual outlets. The total capacity is 160 at.m 3 / dgh.gh. Geothermal study by level, in the depths of the reservoir water, flow under gravity conditions, amounts to 350-400 million m3 / year. Among those present were detected (Tbilisi, Zugdidi, Ochamchire, Senaki, Khobi, Gali, Samtredia, Sukhumi districts), and the Commission was approved for industrial categories reserves, thermal waters operational reserves of 126 thousand tons. M3 / dgh.gh. The amount, which is only 20% of the total projected reserves. Thermal water resources possible termoenergetikuli prognostic potential, 500 thousand tons of standard fuel equivalent (tps) per year, or 500 million. Cubic meters of gas per year in fuel.